Drz only one religion nd dt iz humanity!!, if u cnt rspct adrz relign its btr to stay quite, " Human mind iz like a television set its btr to turn off d sound if its blank" I hope info on my blog Will clarify ur concept abt Sanatan Dhrm!

Media and Globalization

Filed Under : by Pooja Anand


Globalization
Globalization is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy. Globalization refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world. Globalization involves technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure. It is the process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the transmission of commodities and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world. Factors that have contributed to globalization include increasingly sophisticated communications and transportation technologies and services, mass migration and the movement of peoples, a level of economic activity that has outgrown national markets through industrial combinations and commercial groupings that cross national frontiers, and international agreements that reduce the cost of doing business in foreign countries. Globalization offers huge potential profits to companies and nations but has been complicated by widely differing expectations, standards of living, cultures and values, and legal systems as well as unexpected global cause-and-effect linkages. This integration occurs as technological advances expedite the trade of goods and services, the flow of capital, and the migration of people across international borders. Globalization can also refer to the efforts of businesses to expand their operations to new countries and markets
            Globalization, thus, has powerful economic, political, cultural and social dimensions. Here we want to focus on four themes that appear with some regularity in the literature: 
De-localization and supraterritoriality; 
The speed and power of technological innovation and the associated growth of risk; The rise of multinational corporations; and the extent to which the moves towards the creation of (global) free markets to leads to instability and division. 
Risk, technological innovationand globalization:-
'Globalization' is the momentum and power of the change involved. 'It is the interaction of extraordinary technological innovation combined with world-wide reach that gives today's change its particular complexion'. Developments in the life sciences, and in digital technology and the like, have opened up vast, new possibilities for production and exchange.
Globalization and the knowlegde economy:-
'Knowledge economy' has meant that economists have been challenged to look beyond labour and capital as the central factors of production. Global finance, thus, becomes just one force driving economies. Knowledge capitalism: “the drive to generate new ideas and turn them into commercial products and services which consumers want” is now just as pervasive and powerful. There is also a growing gap within societies.
Branding and globalization:-
The growth of multinationals and the globalization of their impact are wrapped up with the rise of the brand. The astronomical growth in the wealth and cultural influence of multi-national corporations over the last fifteen years can arguably be traced back to a single, seemingly innocuous idea developed by management theorists in the mid-1980s: that successful corporation must primarily produce brands, as opposed to products.

RECORD OF GLOBALIZATION

The term "globalization" began to be used more commonly in the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that made it easier and quicker to complete international transactions—both trade and financial flows. It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity—village markets, urban industries, or financial centers.
There are countless guidelines that illustrate how goods, capital, and people, have become more globalize.
·         The value of trade (goods and services) as a percentage of worlds GDP increased from 42.1 percent in 1980 to 62.1 percent in 2007.
·         Foreign direct investment increased from 6.5 percent of world GDP in 1980 to 31.8 percent in 2006.
·         The stock of international claims (primarily bank loans), as a percentage of world GDP, increased from roughly 10 percent in 1980 to 48 percent in 2006.
·         The number of minutes spent on cross-border telephone calls, on a per-capita basis, increased from 7.3 in 1991 to 28.8 in 2006.
·         The number of foreign workers has increased from 78 million people (2.4 percent of the world population) in 1965 to 191 million people (3.0 percent of the world population) in 2005.
The growth in global markets has helped to promote efficiency through competition and the division of labor—the specialization that allows people and economies to focus on what they do best. Global markets also offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more diversified and larger markets around the world. It means that they can have access to more capital, technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets.
The broad reach of globalization easily extends to daily.

MEDIA
"Media" refers to various means of communication. For example, television, radio, and the newspaper are different types of media. The term can also be used as a collective noun for the press or news reporting agencies. In the computer world, "media" is also used as a collective noun, but refers to different types of data storage options.”
CREATION OF VARIOUS FORMS OF MEDIA
Creation of various forms of media is as below:-
Newspapers & Magazines ~ 1880
Movies ~ 1910
Radio ~1920
Television ~ 1945
Cable Television ~ 1980's
Mobile ~ 1979 in Japan, but became mass media in 1998
Satellite Television, Internet, and Digital Communication ~ End of the 20th century
HISTORY OF MEDIA:
Reality based drama in numerous cultures were probably the first mass-media, going back into the Ancient World. The first dated printed book known is the "Diamond Sutra", printed in China in 868 AD. Johannes Gutenberg printed the first book on a printing press with movable type in 1453.Radio was primarily used for military purposes. Later on David Stern off, the then-president of RCA, first had the idea to sell radio sets to consumers. During the 20th century, the growth of mass media was driven by technology, including that which allowed much duplication of material. Physical duplication technologies such as printing, record pressing and film duplication allowed the duplication of books, newspapers and movies at low prices to huge audiences. Radio and television allowed the electronic duplication of information for the first time.
TYPES OF MEDIA:
There are major two types of media that are playing their vital role towards the advancement of globalization:-
Print media:
Print media is the industry associated with the printing and distribution of news through newspapers and magazines.
Types of Print Media:
Newspapers: Newspapers are the most popular forms of print media, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. Different types of newspaper cater to various audiences and one can select the particular category accordingly.
Magazines: Magazines are one such form of print media that give a more specific target group to the client.
OTHERS: Newsletters, Brochures and Posters.
Electronic media:
A media which uses electronics or electromechanical energy for the end user (audience) to access the content. This is in contrast to static media (mainly print media), which are most often created electronically, but don't require electronics to be accessed by the end user in the printed form. The primary electronic media sources were video recordings, audio recordings, multimedia presentations, slide presentations, CD-ROM and Online Content. Most new media are in the form of digital media. However, electronic media may be in either analog or digital format. Although the term is usually linked with content recorded on storage medium, recordings are not required for live broadcasting and online networking. Any equipment used in the electronic communication process (e.g. television, radio, telephone, desktop computer, game console, handheld device) may also be considered electronic media.
GLOBALIZATION AND NEW MEDIA:
The rise of new media has increased communication between people all over the world and the Internet. It has allowed people to express themselves through blogs, websites, pictures, and other user-generated media.
Flew (2002) stated that as a result of the evolution of new media technologies, globalization occurs. Globalization is generally stated as "more than expansion of activities beyond the boundaries of particular nation states". Carley stated that globalization shortens the distance between people all over the world by the electronic communication. Cairn cross expresses this great development as the "death of distance". New media had radically broken the connection between physical place and social place, making physical location much less significant for our social relationships.


 GLOBAL MEDIA, NEOLIBERALISM & IMPERIALISM
In conventional jargon, the current era in history is generally characterized as one of globalization, technological revolution, and democratization. In all three of these areas, media and communication play a central, perhaps even a defining, role. Economic and cultural globalization arguably would be impossible without a global commercial media system to promote global markets and to encourage consumer values. The very essence of the technological revolution is the radical development in digital communication and computing.
For capitalism's cheerleaders, like Thomas Friedman of the ‘New York Times’, all of this suggests that the human race is entering a new Golden Age. All people need to do is sit back, shut up, and shop, and let markets and technologies work their magical wonders. For socialists and those committed to radical social change, these claims should be regarded with the utmost skepticism. In my view, the notion of "globalization," as it is commonly used to describe some natural and inevitable force; the telos of capitalism as it were, is misleading and ideologically loaded. A superior term would be "neoliberalism"; this refers to the set of national and international policies that call for business domination of all social affairs with minimal countervailing force. Neoliberalism is almost always intertwined with a deep belief in the ability of markets to use new technologies to solve social problems far better than any alternative course. The centerpiece of neoliberal policies is invariably a call for commercial media and communication markets to be deregulated.
Here, it should like to sketch out the main developments and form of the emerging global media system and their political-economic implications. It believe that when one takes a close look at the political economy of the contemporary global media and communication industries, we can cut through much of the mythology and hype surrounding our era and have the basis for a much more accurate understanding of what is taking place, and what socialists must do to organize effectively for social justice and democratic values.
THE GLOBAL MEDIA ORGANIZATION
Whereas, previously, media systems were primarily national, in the past few years a global commercial-media market has emerged. This global oligopoly has two distinct but related facets. First, it means the dominant firms-nearly all U.S. based-are moving across the planet at breakneck speed. The point is to capitalize on the potential for growth abroad-and not get outflanked by competitors-since the U.S. market is well developed and only permits incremental expansion. Second, convergence and consolidation are the order of the day. Specific media industries are becoming more and more concentrated, and the dominant players in each media industry increasingly are supplement of huge global media corporation. The level of mergers and acquisitions is breathtaking.
In short order, the global media market has come to be dominated by seven multinational corporations: Disney, AOL Time Warner, Sony, News Corporation, Viacom, Vivendi, and Bertelsmann. None of these companies existed in their present form as media companies as recently as 15 years ago; today, nearly all of them will rank among the largest 300 nonfinancial firms in the world for 2001. Of the seven, only three are truly U.S. firms, though all of them have core operations there. Between them, these seven companies own the major U.S. film studios, all but one of the U.S. television networks, the few companies that control 80-85 percent of the global music | market, the preponderance of satellite broadcasting worldwide, | a significant percentage of book publishing and commercial magazine publishing, all or part of most of the commercial cable TV channels in the U.S. and worldwide, a significant portion of European terrestrial (traditional over-the-air) television, and on and on and on. By nearly all accounts, the level of concentration is only going to increase in the near future.
Why has this taken place? The reason for this rapidly growing advancement is that the radical improvements in communication technology make global media empires feasible and lucrative in a manner unthinkable in the past. This is similar to the technological explanation for globalization writ large. But this is only a partial explanation, at best. The real motor force has been the incessant pursuit for profit that marks capitalism, which has applied pressure for a shift to neoliberal deregulation. In media, this means the relaxation or elimination of barriers to commercial exploitation of media and to concentrated media ownership.
Once the national deregulation of media began in major nations like the United States and Britain, it was followed by global measures like the North American Free Trade Agreement and the formation of the World Trade Organization, all designed to clear the ground for investment and sales by multinational corporations in regional and global markets. This has laid the foundation for the creation of the global media system, dominated by the aforementioned conglomerates. Now in place, the system has its own logic. Firms must become larger and diversified to reduce risk and enhance profit-making opportunities, and they must straddle the globe so as to never be outflanked by competitors.
Perhaps the best way to understand how closely the global commercial media system is linked to the neoliberal global capitalist economy is to consider the role of advertising. Advertising is a business expense incurred by the largest firms in the economy. The commercial media system is the necessary transmission belt for businesses to market their wares across the world; indeed, globalization as we know it could not exist without it. Whopping three-quarters of global spending on advertising ends up in the pockets of mere 20 media companies. Ad spending has grown by leaps and bounds in the past decade, as TV has been opened to commercial exploitation, and is growing at more than twice the rate of gross domestic product growth.
There are a few other points to make to put the global media system in proper perspective. The global media market is rounded out by a second tier of six or seven dozen firms that are national or regional powerhouses or that control niche markets, like business or trade publishing. Between one-third and one-half of these second-tier firms come from North America; most of the rest are from Western Europe and Japan. Many national and regional conglomerates have been established on the backs of publishing or television empires. Each of these second-tier firms is a giant in its own right, often ranking among the thousand largest companies in the world and doing more than one billion dollars per year in business. But the system is still very much evolving.
The global media system is only partially competitive in any meaningful economic sense of the term. Many of the largest media firms have some of the same major shareholders, own pieces of one another, or have interlocking boards of directors. When Variety compiled its list of the 50 largest global media firms for 1997, it observed that "merger mania" and cross ownership had "resulted in a complex web of interrelationships" that will "make you dizzy." In some respects, the global media market more closely resembles a cartel than it does the competitive marketplace found in economics textbooks.
This conscious coordination does not simply affect economic behavior; it makes the media giants’ particularly effective political lobbyists at the national, regional, and global levels. The global media system is not the result of "free markets" or natural law; it is the consequence of a number of important state policies that have been made that created the system. The media giants have had a heavy hand in drafting these laws and regulations, and the public tends to have little or no input. In the United States, the corporate media lobbies are notorious for their ability to get their way with politicians, especially if their adversary is not another powerful corporate sector, but that amorphous entity called the "public interest."
Finally, a word should be said about the Internet, the two-ton gorilla of global media and communication. The Internet is increasingly becoming a part of our media and telecommunication systems, and a genuine technological convergence is taking place. Accordingly, there has been a wave of mergers between traditional media and telecom firms, and by each of these with Internet and computer firms. Already companies like Microsoft, AOL, AT&T and Telefonica have become media players in their own right. It is possible that the global media system is in the process of converging with the telecommunications and computer industries to form an integrated global communication system, where anywhere from six to a dozen super companies will rule the roost. The notion that the Internet would "set us free," and permit anyone to communicate effectively, hence undermining the monopoly power of the corporate media giants, has not transpired. Although the Internet offers extraordinary promise in many regards, it alone cannot slay the power of the media giants. Indeed, no commercially viable media content site has been launched on the Internet, and it would be difficult to find an investor willing to bankroll any additional attempts. To the extent the Internet becomes part of the commercially viable media system, it looks to be under the thumb of the usual corporate suspects.
GLOBAL MEDIA AND NEOLIBERAL DEMOCRACY
I earlier added to the importance of the global media system to the formation and expansion of global and regional markets for goods and services, often sold by the largest multinational corporations. The emerging global media system also has significant cultural and political implications, specifically with regard to political democracy, imperialism, and the nature of socialist resistance in the coming years. In the balance of this review, I will outline a few comments on these issues.
In the area of democracy, the emergence of such a highly concentrated media system in the hands of huge private concerns violates in a fundamental manner any notion of a free press in democratic theory. The problems of having wealthy private owners dominate the journalism and media in a society have been well understood all along: Journalism, in particular, which is the oxygen necessary for self-government to be viable, will be controlled by those who benefit by existing inequality and the preservation of the status quo.
The attack on the professional autonomy of journalism that has taken place is simply a broader part of the neoliberal transformation of media and communication. Neoliberalism is more than an economic theory, however. It is also a political theory. It posits that business domination of society proceeds most effectively when there is a representative democracy, but only when it is a weak and ineffectual polity typified by high degrees of depoliticization, especially among the poor and working class. It is here that one can see why the existing commercial media system is so important to the neoliberal project, for it is singularly brilliant at generating the precise sort of bogus political culture that permits business domination to proceed without using a police state or facing effective popular resistance.
THE GLOBAL MEDIA AND IMPERIALISM
The relationship of the global media system to the question of imperialism is complex. In the 1970s, much of the Third World mobilized through the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization to battle the cultural imperialism of the Western powers. The Third World nations developed plans for a New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) to address their concerns that Western domination over journalism and culture made it virtually impossible for newly independent nations to escape colonial status. Similar concerns about U.S. media domination were heard across Europe. The NWICO campaign was part of a broader struggle at that time by Third World nations to address formally the global economic inequality that was seen as a legacy of imperialism. Both of these movements were impaled on the sword of neoliberalism wielded by the United States and Britain.
Global journalism is dominated by Western news services, which regard existing capitalism, the United States, its allies, and their motives in the most charitable manner imaginable. As for culture, the "Hollywood juggernaut" and the specter of U.S. cultural domination remain a central concern in many countries, for obvious reasons.
But, with the changing global political economy, there are problems with leaving the discussion at this point. The notion that corporate media firms are merely purveyors of U.S. culture is ever less plausible as the media system becomes increasingly concentrated, commercialized, and globalized. The global media giants are the quintessential multinational firms, with shareholders, headquarters, and operations scattered across the globe. The global media system is better understood as one that advances corporate and commercial interests and values and denigrates or ignores that which cannot be incorporated into its mission. There is no discernible difference in the J firms' content, whether they are owned by shareholders in Japan or France or have corporate headquarters in New York, Germany, or Sydney. In this sense, the basic split is not between nation-states, but between the rich and the poor, across national borders.
But it would be a mistake to buy into the notion that the global media system makes nation-state boundaries and geopolitical empire irrelevant. A large portion of contemporary capitalist activity, clearly a majority of investment and employment, operates primarily within national confines, and their nation-states play a key role in representing these interests. The entire global regime is the result of neoliberal political policies, urged on by the U.S. government. Most important, not far below the surface is the role of the U.S. military as the global enforcer of capitalism, with U.S.-based corporations and investors in the driver's seat. In short, we need to develop an understanding of neoliberal globalization that is joined at the hip to U.S. militarism-and all the dreadful implications that suggests-rather than one that is in opposition to it.



PROSPECTS:
It would be all too easy, given the above conditions, to succumb to despair or simply acquiesce to changes from which there seem no escape. Matters appear quite depressing from a democratic standpoint, and it may be difficult to see much hope for change. As one Swedish journalist noted in 1997, "Unfortunately, the trends are very clear, moving in the wrong direction on virtually every score, and there is a desperate lack of public discussion of the long-term implications of current developments for democracy and accountability." But the global system is highly unstable. As lucrative as neoliberalism has been for the rich, it has been a disaster for the world's poor and working classes.
While the dominance of commercial media makes resistance more difficult, widespread opposition to these trends has begun to emerge in the form of huge demonstrations across the planet, including in the United States. It seems that the depoliticization fostered by neoliberalism and commercial media is bumping up against the harsh reality of exploitation, inequality, and the bankruptcy of capitalist politics and culture experienced by significant parts of the population. Just as all) organized resistance to capitalism appeared to be stomped out, it now threatens to rise again from the very ground.
This leads to my final point. What is striking is that progressive anti-neoliberal political movements around the world are increasingly making media issues part of their political platforms. From Sweden, France, and India, to Australia, New Zealand, and Canada, democratic left political parties are giving structural media reform-e.g., breaking up the big companies, recharging nonprofit and noncommercial broadcasting, creating a sector of nonprofit and noncommercial independent media under popular control-a larger role in their platforms. They are finding out that this is a successful issue with the broad population. Other activists are putting considerable emphasis upon developing independent and so-called pirate media to counteract the corporate system. Across the board on the anti-neoliberal and socialist left, there is recognition that the issue of media has grown dramatically in importance, and no successful social movement can dismiss this as a matter that can be addressed "after the revolution." Organizing for democratic media must be part of the current struggle, if we are going to have a viable chance of success.



GLOBAL MEDIA AND CULTURE
MEDIA:
Communication is one of the most important features of life.   A baby cries to communicate its hunger. But it is not just a one-way process. When the mother hears her baby crying she tries to make out whether it is because of its hunger or because it is suffering from some other discomfort. She administers to the baby in accordance with her interpretation of the cry that it is communicating. So communication is a two-way process where the response is part of the process.   That we define as Medium.   When the medium carries messages to a large number of people through   technology like   Newspapers, Radio, Television, Internet etc. then it becomes a mass medium and so we call it Media.

Further the media can be divided into these various types:

Media (communication) --- tools used to store and deliver information or data.
Advertising media---various media, content, buying and placement for advertising.
Electronic media---communications delivered via electronic or electromechanical energy.
Digital media---electronic media used to store, transmit, and receive digitized information.
Electronic Business Media---digital media for electronic business.
Hypermedia, media---with hyperlinks.
Multimedia---communications that incorporate multiple forms of information content.
Print media---communications delivered via paper or canvas.
Published media---any media made available to the public.
Mass media---all means of mass communication.
Broadcast media---communications delivered over mass electronic communication networks.
News media--mass media focused on communicating news.
News media---the news media of the United States of America.
New media---media that can only be created or used with the aid of modern computer..
Recording media---devices used to store information.

CULTURE:
“The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought typical of a population or community at a given time.”
The meaning of this definition is:
Culture is the way we learn to look at the world and how we function in it.  Our culture is taught to us by our families, friends and communities.  From these people, we learn what foods to eat, what kinds of houses to build, how to communicate, and how to behave.  Cultures can be defined in many different ways:  by region, nationality, religion, and race, to name just a few People learn culture. That, we suggest, is culture's essential feature. Many qualities of human life are transmitted genetically -- an infant's desire for food, for example, is triggered by physiological characteristics determined within the human genetic code. An adult's specific desire for milk and cereal in the morning, on the other hand, cannot be explained genetically; rather, it is a learned (cultural) response to morning hunger. Culture, as a body of learned behaviors common to a given human society, acts rather like a template (i.e. it has predictable form and content), shaping behavior and consciousness within a human society from generation to generation. So culture resides in all learned behavior and in some shaping template or consciousness prior to behavior as well (that is, a "cultural template" can be in place prior to the birth of an individual person).
The word culture has many different meanings.  For some it refers to an appreciation of good literature, music, art, and food.  For a biologist, it is likely to be a colony of bacteria or other microorganisms growing in a nutrient medium in a laboratory Petri dish.  However, for anthropologists and other behavioral scientists, culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns

GLOBALLY HOW MEDIA IS AFFECTING CULTURE?

Media is the powerful tool for affecting the culture. We seek to understand the current moment of media change within a global context. Our current understandings of national identities are themselves reflections of the historic flow of stories, information, and cultural products both within and beyond geographic boundaries as well as power struggles and negotiations between different nation-states.
Communications may open the global community to more diverse influences, enabling immigrants, migrants, and exiles to maintain stronger ties to their mother countries, and encouraging a greater global consciousness. Some countries - India, Australia, the Scandinavian countries, for example - are gaining new visibility and economic viability as they embrace the "digital revolution." Contemporary popular culture is increasingly internationalized, reflecting both the global flow of cultural materials and the influence of new waves of immigration throughout the world.
Media is affecting our culture globally that’s why we can see that:
·         The western culture is making place in Indian culture through television.
·         Our new generation is adopting the culture of western countries.
·         Youngster’s likes to wear pants rather then “Shalwar”.
·         The English words are used commonly in other languages.
·         Fashion removed simplicity due to fast media transmission.
·         The people of backward areas are now demanding for facilities.
·         The business sector is specially affected by the media, more they advertise more they get.


GLOBALIZED MEDIA AND YOUTH

Why media does has the greatest impact on the young people?
Globalized Media has the greatest impact on the young generation more that the family or the school has. The means of media which influence the young generation are television, radio, internet, newspapers, magazines, books, broadcasting and text publishers.

All these manipulate teenagers in what concerns culture, politics, social life, religion, fashion, education and other interests. Almost each teenager has a TV in his room and he may stay stuck for hours in front of it to watch a show, a movie or to find out some interesting information on a discovery channel. Then, the internet has become much more important than the TV because it offers a range of facts on different areas of interest.
Now teenagers prefer to download a movie from the internet and watch it at home instead of going to the cinema as it is much more comfortable and, at the same time, cheaper. Moreover, through e-mails they can communicate with teenagers in other countries and find other ways of thinking and behaving in society. Girls, buy all types of magazines so find out some spicy facts about famous people and stars, while boys prefer magazines about cars or technology.
Anyway, in what concerns newspapers young people almost don’t buy them, as they prefer to read them on the internet and the same happens with books, too. Teenagers find out about fashion from the internet and they like to navigate on the internet to see which trends have appeared lately. They can also read about sports, music, politics and culture.

On the other hand, advertisements and propaganda play a special role as they can influence young people to buy different things or to follow certain behaviors.

Apart from this, mass-media represents an essential source of enrichment and education for the young generation as they receive informal education from a variety of sources, from books to internet. Mass-media also means entertainment, through music, sports, acting, video and computer games activities that help young people to escape routine and enjoy.

Still, media does not always inform and manipulate teenagers on a positive way, because it also represents a source of violence through movies or news. And there seems to be no radical ways of how to diminish this state, for the moment.
The media executives are quick to defend their role in youth violence and bullying while selling millions of dollars in ads focused on youth. TV producers, network executives, motion picture companies and others in the media deny any impact of their programs on the attitudes and actions of youth. Meanwhile they continue to spend millions on special effects and marketing geared to increase appeal to youth markets. While corporations spend millions on market research and advertising to create products and campaigns targeted at a youth demographic, they still deny their ability to influence youth. If this were true to fact, would NIKE continue spending millions every year on product development, marketing and advertising? Would McDonalds still be using cartoon like characters to sell hamburgers? Would music labels be increasing the level of violence and sexual content in the music geared towards the youth audience? Would liquor companies be using youth oriented activities in their advertising? Of course it works on influencing youth and its ideals advertising would not be a multi-billion dollar a year business. If it had no influence, M-TV would not have consultant on staff spending huge amounts of money to ensure them keeping up with youth culture.
We've all heard it before. Blame it on TV or other means of media. If a child bludgeons another child to death with a wrench or shoots a classmate, it is the violent TV programs that they watch which are to blame, not the parents or the supervisors who are supposed to be there to make sure their kids do the right thing. How far is it true that the media is responsible for trivializing death and violence, thus causing the children of America to go out on shooting rampages, or kids in Britain to murder innocent toddlers? First let us look at the way the media portrays death. Death has always been a taboo subject. People do not usually sit around talking about death, especially to children. It may be for that reason that children do not really understand the concept of dying. We constantly see instances in cartoons where a character is killed, but in the next scene, that same character is alive and well again. The fact is that they do not actually die. Characters like Warner Bros. Wild E Coyote never die.
As clichéd as it may sound, it has been rightly said all things have their good as well as bad effects. In the similar conduct media also has its good as well as bad influence on youth. Well these were the negative influence of media on youth. Now we focus on the affirmative aspects of media.
Media plays a very important role in creating awareness. There are certain issues which remain untouched among youngsters as they feel guarded concerning it. Media helps in providing information regarding such topics. There are many such topics that are highlighted by the media. The current one that can be talked about is the quota system in colleges. Media created awareness that how injustice was being done with deserving candidates due to reservations in colleges. There was procession taken out by students in order to object regarding this bias discrimination. One other such issue is the debate carried on regarding sex education. Media was trying to highlight both the aspects of the matter that whether sex education must be allowed in schools or not. There were a group of people who were all for it and there were people who considered it a taboo. Even though we are heading towards westernization, our roots still remain Indian. And that is the reason why we fell anxious discussing such issues with young ones. But if we think practically then there are so many instances where children head the wrong way just in the anxiety of knowing certain issues. So, the only acceptable approach in which we can guard our child from choosing the wrong path is by talking to them and educating them about the issues that need to be learnt at the right instance.
Media being one of the important means to reach out to the masses and influence their thinking and decision making, only to the positive media cannot attract attention of the masses, and to gain viewer ship, negative media has to be incorporated to balance out and attract the masses, but a line has to be drawn between the positive and the negative media in the interest of the younger generation.

What does advertising do?

Advertising often works by making us feel unhappy with our lives, anxious and dissatisfied. The messages are that you are not OK unless you buy this, wear that brand, wash your hair with, and look like that very slim model. It attacks our self esteem.

What Are the Particular Problems for Children and Young People

  • girls in early adolescence are particularly vulnerable to messages about being OK as they are sensitive about their body image and whether they measure up to the peer group
  • Recent research indicates that there is a marked link between TV watching, and negative body and eating disorders. (Becker, A, 2002)
  • Two studies at South Australia’s Flinders University have shown that television advertising featuring idealized thinness negatively affected both the mood and the body image of adolescent girls, with those in the 13 - 15 year age group being more affected. (Hargreaves, D, 2002).

Responsibility of Parents:-    

  • From an early age give your children a solid sense of their worth and encourage them to have high self esteem, by valuing them for what they are, and as they are
  • Minimize children’s exposure to commercial TV in the early years. Anxieties created by advertising start early
  • Act as media educators from an early age, pointing out the techniques used in advertising, and discussing how people in the TV world look compared to how most of us do
  • Encourage media education at your children’s schools, so that children are well equipped to read the media. A study at Flinders University has shown that media education can promote critical viewing skills and less concern about body image and weight. (Wade, T, 2002)


INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON YOUTH

The media makes billions of dollars with the advertising they sell and that we are exposed to. We buy what we are told to be good, after seeing thousands of advertisings we make our buying decisions based on what we saw on TV, newspapers or magazines to be a product we can trust and also based on what everyone else that we know is buying and their decision are also base don the media.
These are the effects of mass media in teenagers, they buy what they see on TV, what their favorite celebrity advertise and what is acceptable by society based on the fashion that the media has imposed them.
Positive and negative influences in young people:      
Here is a positive influence example, if there is a sport that is getting a lot of attention by the media and gains popularity among your friends and society, you will more likely want to practice the sport and be cool with all your friends. The result is that you will have fun with your friends and be healthier because of the exercise you are doing.
However a negative influence in teenagers is the use of cigars by celebrity movie stars, the constant exposure of sex images, the excessive images of violence and exposure to thousands of junk food ads.
Young people are in a stage of life where they want to be accepted by their peers, they want to be loved and be successful. The media creates the ideal image of a beautiful men and women and tells you what the characteristics of a successful person are; you can see it in movies and TV. It’s a subliminal way to tell you that if you are not like them you are not cool yet so its time to buy the stuff they buy and look like they look.
Another negative influence in teenagers that has grown over the last years is anorexia and obesity. There are millions of adolescents fighting obesity, but at the same time they are exposed to thousands of advertisements of junk food, while the ideas image of a successful person is told to be thin and wealthy.
Also more women are obsessive with losing weight even when they are not obese; there are many thin women that want to look like the super models and thin celebrities so they engage in eating disorders which lead to severe health issues and even death.

THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ADVERTISING ON YOUNG PEOPLE

“A study about the advertising of alcohol, the marketing of alcoholic products, peer pressure and parental influence all play a part in the level of alcohol consumption among young people”.

Many teenagers experiment with alcohol. By the time they reach their mid teens, around one in two consume alcohol at least occasionally while increasing numbers drink to the point of drunkenness.
Young people who start drinking alcohol are affected by a range of influences. These include whether their parents drink and pressures from their own peer group. Where social influences conflict, young people will tend to follow the influence most important to them. So, during the teenage years, if parents disapprove of drinking and friends encourage it, the likelihood is that young people will follow the example of their peer groups, not their parents.
Alcohol advertising helps young people become familiar with brands of alcohol, but it is less clear whether it induces them to start drinking in the first place.
On television, as with print journalism, where alcohol is associated with relaxation, fun, humor, friendship and being 'cool', it is likely to have some influence, while the use of celebrities, color, popular music or sexual themes appeared to have a more limited effect.
Retail outlets such as supermarkets and news agents present alcohol promotions in an environment and at a level which will be accessible to young people. However, there’s no proof that exposure to such alcohol advertising is as great an influence as the influence of parents and peer groups.
Curiously, young people who go to the cinema most frequently, and are therefore most exposed to the advertising of alcohol on film, were less likely to get drunk, possibly indicating that the type of person who goes to the movies is less likely to drink to excess.
Greater exposure to television advertising, however, did seem to relate directly to the increased chance of getting drunk. There was no significant link between television advertising and most advertised brands of beer, wine or spirits.
The most common violations linked the advertised alcohol brand with the success of a social event such as a wedding or - more ambiguously - with some activity that could be dangerous if carried out under the influence of alcohol, such as swimming, diving and the use of dangerous machinery.

Advertising to Teens:

Why and How Marketers Target Kids?

Why do marketers love teens? There are a number of reasons. They have money to burn, and the items they buy are largely “luxury” items, like clothing, electronics, and music. They make many, if not most, of their purchasing decisions independently. And they have significant influence on family purchases. Perhaps most importantly, companies know that once they have “branded” a child, he or she is likely to be a customer for life, or from “cradle to grave.”
How do they reach kids?
Everywhere. Advertising is in magazines, movies, TV shows, and on the internet. Licensed products, in the form of clothing, toys, and accessories, abound. Schools make deals with soda companies and sell naming rights to their gyms to the highest bidder. Companies glean important demographic info about kids spending habits from seemingly innocuous internet “quizzes” and “surveys”. Marketing comes at kids from all directions, twenty-four seven.
How do marketers do it?
 They know how to capitalize on important teenage issues and anxieties, like body image, peers acceptance, coolness, and a need for power. They use these themes repeatedly in advertising geared towards children and teenagers. Marketers also often hone in on themes and attitudes that parents might find inappropriate or offensive, like sex or alcohol and drug use, further escalating the “coolness factor” of the product.
Why is advertising so effective?
 Advertising works best when it creates insecurity about something, such as appearance. A successful ad convinces the viewer that they have a problem that needs fixing, and then proposes to offer the solution, which just happens to be the product they are selling. The message is that teens aren’t good enough the way they are. Many kids unwittingly buy into that message, and as a result, end up being hypercritical of them because we don’t fit a certain “image” that they believe is necessary for their happiness.
 How advertising could be improved?
Teens need to become more critical viewers of advertising. Help them recognize what’s behind the hard sell. Ask them to identify the themes the advertiser is using to try to connect with them. Ask them to point out what “need” is being projected that the product can supposedly “fill”. Is the product really going to have the impact that the ad implies.
                                                    
                                 RISE OF “NET GENERATION”
TODAY'S computer-literate Web-surfing kids are going to force corporations to rethink their strategies towards merchandising and mass-market advertising. These kids are the first generation to come of age surrounded by digital information technologies. The effects are already dramatic: Compared to their parents, today's youth are more curious, self-reliant, contrarian, high in self-esteem, and global in orientation. And as consumers they will be much more demanding and discerning.
These 88 million offspring of the North American baby boomers -- I have dubbed them the Net Generation -- now outnumber their parents by a healthy margin, and they are the richest young generation ever. Unlike any kids before them, they also influence a large and growing portion of their parents' purchases. The Alliance for Converging Technologies estimates that American preteens and teens spend directly $130 billion and influence the spending of upwards of $500 billion.
It isn't only computers, video games and high-tech purchases that children influence. They feel they should have a large say in everyday grocery and clothing purchases and they expect to be consulted about major household acquisitions like cars and appliances.
In the past kids had little basis on which to exert such influence, but with digital media, particularly the Web, they now have a way to become more knowledgeable about a product than their parents. Consider the prospect of a 13-year-old girl influencing her parents to buy a Volvo based on safety statistics she has down loaded from the Web.
Positive effects of Internet on young generation:
·         Help in school, college and university assignments, projects.
·         Source of information
·         Awareness
Negative effects of Internet on young generation:
·         Exploitation of innocent minds.
·         Wastage of time to some extent depends on way of usage.
·         Sexual slavery.
GLOBALIZATION MEDIA AND POLITICS
Politics:
Politics is a process by which groups of people make decisions. The term is generally applied to behavior within civil governments, but politics has been observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic and religious institutions. It consists of “social relations involving authority or power” and refers to the regulation of a political unit, and to the methods and tactics used to formulate and apply policy.
Importance of Media and Politics:       
Politics and the media have long been intimately involved with each other, with media strongly setting an agenda in which politics is very important. The news media include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, films, recordings, books, and electronic communications, in all their forms. These means of communication have been called “the other government” and “the fourth branch of government.”
The news media are a pervasive feature of the worlds’ politics. The rise of new communications technologies has made the media more influential throughout the world. The news media provide a ‘linking’ function between politicians and government officials and the public.
Most individuals have only limited time and attention to devote to public issues. Political values of transparency do not demand that citizens spend all of their time on public subjects. Rather, they make information available to individuals so that they can use it if they so choose. But when there is too much information, filtering necessarily occurs. This filtering occurs both in terms of what media decide to cover and what individuals decide to watch. Media companies must pick and choose among hundreds of possible subjects to discuss. Individuals must choose among thousands of hours of potential coverage of public events
The need for filtering enhances the power of media events. By flooding the media with ready made press releases and staged pageants that function as ‘good television,’ politicians provide media with easily edited programming that can be strung together in televised sequences. Providing media with ‘good television’ allows politicians to capture more and more of the media’s coverage. This diverts media attention from information that might actually be more useful to the political goals of participation, information, and accountability.
Role of Media in Framing Worlds’ Politics:
The media has found its niche in today’s politics. Rather its talk shows, television or the internet, they have laid a foundation, built a platform from which to voice their social agenda and flex their political muscle. How much of that voice is quality content is still up for debate. One thing is for sure, if you want to succeed in politics, it will not hurt to have the media in your corner.
Our modern news media emerged from a more partisan and less professionalized past. The autonomy of the media from political parties is one of the important changes. Now journalists strive for objectivity and see themselves as important to the political process. They also engage in investigative journalism.
Presidential campaigns are dominated by media coverage during both the pre- and post-convention stages. One effect of media influence is that most people seem more interested in the contest as a “game” or “horse race” than as an occasion for serious discussion of issues and candidates. Another effect has been the rise of image-making and the media consultant.
The press serves as observer of and participant in politics, as watchdog, agenda setter, and check on the abuse of power, but it rarely follows the policy process to its conclusion.
Moreover, media events do not simply add new information to the mix; they also drive out other forms of coverage through a sort of Gresham’s law of mass media. The media event is deliberately designed to be a watch able, ready-made form of political entertainment, one that can be easily chopped up and edited for news broadcasts. It is relatively cheap to cover, and easy to broadcast. News organisations quickly learn that it takes less effort to accept what is given them by politicians than to develop entertaining news programming on their own.


IMPACT OF PRINT MEDIA ON POLITICS
Print Media:
 The common nickname for the media is “The Fourth Estate” – this term, which was first recorded in the 19th century, referred to the three estates of the British Parliament. Newspapers of the time formed an unofficial fourth group that wielded just as much, if not more, power in shaping public opinion. The press has long been the middleman between the actions of politicians and the opinions of the public, and it can be shocking just how much force a motivated media can wield. In this topic we will trace a brief history of media’s involvement in politics so we can judge whether that power is being used wisely.
Ever since the earliest days of mass media, the newspaper titans have used their power to meddle in politics. Before a facade of objectivity was required, most of the publishers agitated in their pages for pet political causes, going as far as William Randolph Hearst’s pushing the United States into the Spanish-American War with his over-the-top “yellow journalism.” As the age of the newspaper has come to a close, its power to motivate and shape public opinion has declined. Few now go to its pages for political coverage.
The press is too frail to carry the whole burden of popular sovereignty, to supply spontaneously the truth which democrats hoped was inborn. And when we expect it to supply such a body of truth we employ a misleading standard of judgment. We misunderstand the limited nature of news.

               IMPACT OF MASS MEDIA ON POLITICS
The mass media plays a very important role in everyday life. It is often the only form of education which is available to some, and as such has a very powerful influence over people’s beliefs and opinions. This influence is never more evident than when analyzing the relationship between the media and politics.
Politics can justifiably be described as the main determining factor in our lives, the major influence over many facets of day to day living, such as finances, healthcare and employment. The media is the major source of information about political affairs, and as such has control over what we actually know about the political system and what we may never find out. As a result of this, it becomes inevitable that the media has a certain ‘hold’ over the political arena. The media can judge, approve and criticize. It can make or break political careers, even parties, and the information which the media provides helps the public to form attitudes, responses and opinions towards political events and actors. Thus it becomes very important for the political parties to keep the media ‘on-side’.
The Internet:
Twenty five years ago the term ‘modem’ did not even appear in the dictionary. Modems connect people to online computer services such as Computer Serve, Prodigy, America Online or MSN, and to hundreds of thousands of world wide websites and home pages. Increasingly, the internet has become a tool for political communications as well. On the net you could gain political info, express political opinion, and mobilize other voters and political leaders. You could also make political donations. In this year’s Presidential race, candidates have raised literally millions of dollars online. The web has become an electronic town hall. In a short, the web has grown into a major player in the new media. A no. of web sites are available on net from where you can easily get information about the political affairs of you country. It is very simple and easy process to get informative news. Even on your net ID’s there is a corner for news in order to keep you in touch with the rest of the worlds’ political affairs.
Role of Internet in Framing Politics:
In a very short time the Internet has become an important medium of political communication that rivals television. The Internet is not yet tele visual; it employs mostly text and still pictures. Even so, the Internet has shaped and enhanced the effects of television in three ways. First, the Internet has helped to shorten the news cycle of reporting, in part because stories can be constantly updated on the Internet with relative ease. A shorter news cycle tends to promote more continuous television coverage of news events, especially on cable networks. Second, because the Internet makes mass distribution of information relatively inexpensive, it helps proliferate new kinds of information from new sources – including gossip and second-hand reports – that television can pick up and disseminate, assuming that the information passes muster under existing standards of television journalism. Third, for similar reasons, the Internet makes possible new journalistic sources that compete with television coverage, and new journalistic practices that may occasionally affect the form and content of television coverage and the standards of television journalists. Hence, the Internet can help exacerbate television’s tendency to emphasise celebrity, inside strategy and gossip, and television’s conversion of law and politics into forms of entertainment, even though the Internet is not yet a fully tele visual medium.
Special Role of Internet:
 Most recently, the Internet has totally transfigured the way the media and politics intersect. The rise of citizen journalism has led to anybody with a good story being able to get coverage for it, spreading like wildfire across blogs and news sites without any funding or journalistic training. This can be both a good thing and a bad thing the free access to information gives consumer’s far more than traditional media could offer, but at the expense of the reliability that those organizations can promise. It is becoming increasingly hard to separate truth from fiction, and that can have devastating effects during a political campaign.
Talk Radio:
If there has been one communications format that has become emblematic of the new media, it is talk radio. Talk radio used to be the night shift of the airways. Talk radio reinvented itself. Talk radio became an important candidate forum in 1992. President George H. Bush interviewed with conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh. By 1994 nine talk radio hosts ran for statewide or local office. Most were unsuccessful, but their positions in talk radio gave them legitimacy as candidates.
Broadcasting on radio has changed the news media, and most Americans use radio and television as primary news sources. The role of corporate ownership of media outlets, especially media conglomerates, has emerged in the past few years and raises questions about media competition and orientation. A major effect of radio news programs is agenda setting--that is, determining what problems will become salient issues for people to form opinions about and to discuss. The talk radio is also influential in defining issues for the general public.
Television:
It is the role of the mass media to keep the general public informed and up to date with current news and events in their community, state, country, and around the world. In politics the media can either build or damage a political figure by changing the public’s opinion. Many people depend heavily on television as their source of information where they see or hear about political issues, events, and policies because television is the single most powerful medium of global communication and nightly newscasts are the most frequently watched source of information.

HOW ELECTRONIC MEDIA IS PORTRAYING POLITICS?
One can well understand why politicians would want to divert attention from information that is detrimental to their interests. But why would the mass media have an interest in simulating transparency? Indeed, the media’s interests are quite different than those of politicians. Nevertheless the media’s collective efforts also subvert the political values of transparency, even and perhaps especially when media and politicians view each other as adversaries.
Many different kinds of mass media can simulate transparency. But the dominant medium of political communication in our age and hence the dominant medium of political transparency is television. To understand how television simulates transparency, we must understand how television shapes what we see through it. When we use television to understand politics, we see things in the way that television allows them to be seen. At the same time, television creates new forms of political reality that exist because they are seen on television.
Television tends to emphasise entertainment value. It subjects culture to a Darwinian process: The less entertaining is weeded out, the more entertaining survives to be broadcast. Hence coverage of public events, politics, and even law must eventually conform to the requirements of ‘good television,’ that is, the kind of television that grabs and keeps viewers’ attention by absorbing and entertaining them
Moreover, because politicians understand how important mass media have become to retaining power and influencing citizens, television helps create a new reality populated by spin doctors, pollsters, pundits and media consultants. Thus eventually political life begins to conform more closely to the image of politics that television portrays it to be. Television portrays a world of image manipulation and spin control largely devoid of substantive debate or reasoned analysis. Because television is so central to successful mass politics, it eventually helps produce the very elements that it portrays. We might call this a self-fulfilling representation.
EXAMPLES
 Role of Geo News in Pakistan’s Politics:
The role of Geo TV is tremendous, in framing all the political issues of Pakistan. It kept in touch its viewer with the changing political senior in Pakistan. Most of the population of Pakistan and in foreign preferred to watch Geo News to have spicy taste of politics and political affairs. It is forum to broadcast many programs related to politics of Pakistan like Jawab day, Capital talk and Meray Mutabiq with Dr. Shahid Masood and vice versa. But the most fascinated and popular among Pakistani nation is Capital Talk.
Capital Talk on Geo News:
It looks at the challenges, issues and concerns facing Pakistan on a daily basis hosted by Mr. Hamid Mir. The format includes a panel of renowned personalities who participate in a dialogue which contributes towards reaching feasible and practical solutions. Going along with the principle that there are two sides of every picture, “Capital Talk” helps you discover both these sides. The aim of the show is to stay on top of the news and provide prompt and detailed analysis, leaving the audiences with a clearer picture. Capital Talk expands on debates, which in turn, helps provide insights into the raging issues of Pakistan’s political set-up, no matter how contentious.
BBC News Channel:
BBC News is the department of the BBC responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs. The department is the world's largest broadcast news organization and generates about 120 hours of radio and television output each day, as well as online news coverage. Criticism of the BBC in the United Kingdom has generally taken the form of accusations of political bias from across the political spectrum.
CULMINATION
Without mass media, openness and accountability are impossible in contemporary democracies.  Nevertheless, mass media can hinder political transparency as well as help it. Politicians and political operatives can simulate the political virtues of transparency through rhetorical and media manipulation. Television tends to convert coverage of law and politics into forms of entertainment for mass consumption, and television serves as fertile ground for a self-proliferating culture of scandal. Given the limited time available for broadcast and the limited attention of audiences, stories about political strategy, political infighting, political scandal and the private lives of politicians tend to crowd out less entertaining stories about substantive policy questions.  Political life begins to conform increasingly to the image of politics portrayed on television. Through a quasi-Darwinian process, media events, scandals, and other forms of politics-as-entertainment eventually dominate and weed out other forms of political information and public discussion, transforming the very meaning of public discourse.  In this way the goals of political transparency can be defeated by what appear to be its central mechanisms: proliferating information, holding political officials accountable for their actions, and uncovering secrets.

                GLOBALIZATION MEDIA AND TERRORISM

Media and Terrorism which play the vital role all over the world are the top-most headlines to be discussed at present.   So first of all, I have defined both terms and then I have tried to explain their relationship and the role of   Media towards Terrorism.
What   is   Terrorism?
The FBI defines as, "Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives."   Within this definition three elements are focused such as violence, fear and intimidation and each element produces terror in its victims. It is also to be noted that there are three perspectives of terrorism and they are terrorists, the victims, and the general public. So terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim.
Media and Terrorism:
More than five years after the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, terrorism still occupies a sizeable proportion of the nightly news. In 2006 alone, more than 700 news stories on terrorism aired on national network news, adding to the more than 4,300 stories related to terrorism that aired in the previous four years. To date, though, we know very little about how individual citizens make sense of and process stories about terrorism or how different types of terrorism stories influence opinion.
The Media plays an important role in the lives of the people. Some people believe that Media precedes the spread of ideas. The Media can spin and color stories to suit their agenda. They can rile up the public over certain issues or hide vital information.
According to the 2000-2002-2004 NES panel as well as an original media experiment, it was found that threatening, evocative terrorism stories significantly influence citizens’ foreign policy attitudes among citizens concerned about terrorism. For citizens concerned about future terrorism, the more they watched threatening, shocking news coverage, the more they wanted to spend on defense and the more supportive they were of the war in Iraq and President Bush. Thus, indicating the power of evocative news coverage to convince citizens to support policies they would not normally prefer.
Terrorism, Media and the Government:
Terrorists, governments, and the media see the function, roles and responsibilities of the media when covering terrorist events from differing and often competing perspectives. Such perspectives drive behavior during terrorist incidents--often resulting in both tactical and strategic gains to the terrorist operation and the overall terrorist cause. The challenge to both the governmental and press communities is to understand the dynamics of terrorist enterprise and to develop policy options designed to serve the interests of government, the media, and the society.
Terrorists must have publicity in some form if they are to gain attention, inspire fear and respect, and secure favorable understanding of their cause, if not their act. Governments need public understanding, cooperation, restraint, and loyalty in efforts to limit terrorist harm to society and in efforts to punish or apprehend those responsible for terrorist acts.
The media and the government have common interests in seeing that the media are not manipulated into promoting the cause of terrorism or its methods. But policymakers do not want to see terrorism, or anti-terrorism, eroding freedom of the press- one of the pillars of democratic societies. This appears to be a dilemma that cannot be completely reconciled--one with which societies will continually have to struggle. The challenge for policymakers is to explore mechanisms enhancing media/government cooperation to accommodate the citizen and media need for honest coverage while limiting the gains uninhibited coverage may provide terrorists or their cause. Communication between the government and the media here is an important element in any strategy to prevent terrorist causes and strategies from prevailing and to preserve democracy.
The media are known to be powerful forces in confrontations between terrorists and governments. Media influence on public opinion may impact not only the actions of governments but also on those of groups engaged in terrorist acts. From the terrorist perspective, media coverage is an important measure of the success of a terrorist act or campaign. And in hostage-type incidents, where the media may provide the only independent means a terrorist has of knowing the chain of events set in motion, coverage can complicate rescue efforts. Governments can use the media in an effort to arouse world opinion against the country or group using terrorist tactics. Public diplomacy and the media can also be used to mobilize public opinion in other countries to pressure governments to take, or reject, action against terrorism.
What  media want in coverage of terrorism?:-
Journalists generally want the freedom to cover an issue without external restraint- whether it comes media owners, advertisers, editors, or from the government.
  • Media want to be the first with the story. The scoop is golden, "old news is no news." Pressure to transmit real time news instantly in today's competitive hi-tech communication environment is at an all-time high.
  • The media want to make the story as timely and dramatic as possible.
  • They want to protect their ability to operate as securely and freely as possible in the society.
  • They want to protect society’s right to know, and construe this liberally to include popular and dramatic coverage, e.g., airing emotional reactions of victims, family members and witnesses as well as information withheld by law enforcement, security, and other organs of government.
  • Media members often have no objection to playing a constructive role in solving specific terrorist situations if this can be done without excessive cost in terms of story loss or compromise of values.
What Government Leaders Want From the Media?:
Governments seek understanding, cooperation, restraint, and loyalty from the media in efforts to limit terrorist harm to society and in efforts to punish or apprehend those responsible for terrorist acts, specifically:
  • They want coverage to advance their agenda and not that of the terrorist. From their perspective, the media should support government courses of action when operations are under way and disseminate government provided information when requested. This includes understanding of policy objectives, or at least a balanced presentation, e.g., why governments may seek to mediate, yet not give in to terrorist demands.
  • In hostage situations, governments often prefer to exclude the media and others from the immediate area, but they want the news organizations to provide information to authorities when reporters have access to the hostage site.
  • They seek publicity to help diffuse the tension of a situation, not contribute to it. Keeping the public reasonably calm is an important policy objective.
  • It is generally advantageous if the media, especially television, avoids emotional stories on relatives of victims; as such coverage builds public pressure on governments to make concessions.
  • During incidents, they wish to control terrorist access to outside data--to restrict information on hostages that may result in their selection for harm; government strongly desires the media not to reveal planned or current anti-terrorist actions or provide the terrorists with data that helps them.
  • After incidents, they want the media not to reveal government secrets or detail techniques on how successful operations were performed--and not to publicize successful or thwarted terrorist technological achievements and operational methods so that copycat terrorists do not emulate or adapt them.
  • They want the media to be careful about disinformation from terrorist allies, sympathizers, or others who gain from its broadcast and publication. Many groups have many motives for disseminating inaccurate or false data, including, for example, speculation as to how a plane may have been blown up, or who may be responsible.
  • They want the media to boost the image of government agencies. Agencies may carefully control leaks to the press giving scoops to newsmen who depict the agency favorably and avoid criticism of its actions.
  • They would like journalists to inform them when presented with well grounded reasons to believe a terrorist act may be in the making or that particular individuals may be involved in terrorist activity.

                         OPTIONS FOR CONTEMPLATION
A number of options exist for enhancing the effectiveness of government media-oriented responses to terrorism and for preventing the media from furthering terrorist goals as a byproduct of vigorous and free reporting. These include: (1) financing joint media/government training exercises; (2) establishing a government terrorism information response center; (3) promoting use of media pools; (4) promoting voluntary press coverage guidelines; and (5) monitoring terrorism against the media.
Promoting Use of Media Pools:
Another option that has been mentioned specifically for coverage of hostage type events, would be use of a media pool where all agree on the news for release at the same time. A model would need to be established. However, media agreement would not be easily secured.
Promoting Voluntary Press Coverage Guidelines:
Another option would be establishment by the media of a loose code of voluntary behavior or guidelines that editors and reporters could access for guidance. Congress could urge the President to call a special media summit, national or perhaps international in scope under the anti-terrorism committed G-8 industrialized nation’s summit rubric, for senior network and print media executives to develop voluntary guidelines on terrorism reporting. Another option might be to conduct such a national meeting under the auspices of a new government agency
Tracking Terrorism against the Media:
Finally, a trend toward terrorist attacks against media personnel and institutions may be emerging. This issue was addressed by President Clinton in a meeting with members of the press in Argentina during a state visit there October 17, 1997, when the President expressed concern over the issue of violence and harassment of the press in Argentina and suggested that the Organization of American States (OAS) create a special unit to ensure press freedom similar to the press ombudsman created by the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Notwithstanding, comprehensive and readily available government statistics are lacking. One way to approach this problem would be for government reports on terrorism, such as the U.S. Department of State's Patterns of Global Terrorism, to include annual statistics showing the number of journalists killed or injured yearly in terrorist attacks and the annual number of terrorist incidents against media personnel or media institutions.
CONCLUSION
The media and the government have common interests in seeing that the media are not manipulated into promoting the cause of terrorism or its methods On the other hand, neither the media or policymakers want to see terrorism, or counter terrorism, eroding constitutional freedoms including that of the press which is one of the pillars of democratic societies. This appears to be a dilemma that cannot be completely reconciled--one with which U.S. society will continually have to struggle. Communication between the government and the media is an important element in any strategy designed to prevent the cause of terrorism from prevailing and in preserving democracy. By their nature, democracies with substantial individual freedoms and limitations on police powers offer terrorists operational advantages. But terrorists and such democracies are not stable elements in combination. If terrorism sustains itself or flourishes, freedoms shrink, and in societies run by ideological authoritarians, thugs, or radical religious extremists, a free press is one of the first institutions to go.



GLOBALIZATION MEDIA AND FEMINISM
Feminism:
The term feminism can be used to describe a political, cultural or economic movement aimed at establishing more rights and legal protection for women. Feminism involves political and sociological theories and philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference, as well as a movement that advocates more gender-specific rights for women and campaigns for women's rights and interests. Although the terms "feminism" and "feminist" did not gain widespread use until the 1970s, they were already being used in the public parlance much earlier; for instance, Katherine Hepburn speaks of the "feminist movement" in the 1942 film Woman of the Year.
                                    Portrayal of women in globalized media:
Positive role of media in promoting Feminism: Globalized media has ensured freedom and emancipation to women .In the current scenario woman is able to fight for her rights and media is there to project and protect her in every walk of life. Globalized media provide such role models whose footsteps can be followed by almost every women of the world.
·         Bringing sensitive and hidden issue of women into limelight such as domestic violence, rapes, kidnapping etc like we have observed in Mukhtara Bibi’s case.
·         Promoting talent of women and young girls through media agencies and television, newspaper.
·         Breaking stereotypes created by society as we have time and again observed successful women e.g. Dr. Fehmeeda speaker of National Assembly, similarly India has now a female speaker of National Assembly.
·         Broadcast of women’s sports which once was a dream but now it’s a reality.
·         Family planning, birth control awareness through advertisements and TV dramas especially in third world countries.
Role models projected by globalized media:-
Mother Teresa one of the most influential personalities of the decade was born in Skopje, on August 26, 1910.she left the convent when she had a glimpse of poverty and sufferings of people outside the walls of the school. She opened an open-air school for sums where she devoted her life. She was being joined by voluntary helpers whereas the aid was forthcoming. Mother Teresa's work has been recognized and acclaimed throughout the world and she has received a number of awards and distinctions.
Abida Parveen Queen of Sufi Music is one of the foremost exponents of Sufi music. She was born in Mohalla Ali Goharabad in Larkana in 1954. She received her musical training initially from her father, Ustad Ghulam Haider, and subsequently from Ustad Salamat Ali Khan. Abida Parveen embarked upon her professional career from Radio Pakistan, Hyderabad, in 1973. Her forte is the kafi and the ghazal, and she is known for her particularly stunning voice. Abida sings in Urdu, Sindhi, Seraiki, Punjabi and Persian. 
She has received many prestigious music awards for her singing, and is often invited to music festivals in Pakistan and abroad. She is widely and professionally regarded as the "Singers' Singer". In 1982, she was awarded with President of Pakistan’s Award for Pride of Performance and Sitara-e-Imtiaz in 2005.
Oprah Gail Winfrey (born January 29, 1954) is an American television host, producer, and philanthropist, best known for her self-titled, multi-award winning talk show, which has become the highest-rated program of its kind in history. She has been ranked the richest African American of the 20th century and beyond, the greatest black philanthropist in American history and was once the world's only black billionaire.She is also, according to some assessments, the most influential woman in the world.
Julia Roberts born in October 28, 1967 is an American actress. She is known for her some famous movies like my best friend’s wedding, runaway bride, Valentine’s Day etc. Roberts was the first actress to appear on the cover of Vogue.
      How global media exploited feminism?
Negative portrayals of women in media and their discrimination on basis of gender discrimination in employment and advancement in the work place have today become serious issues requiring attention of human right activists and media professional
With New Media and other forms of Communication Technologies impacting the world in every sphere of life, a debate has ensued among media professionals, policy planners, and N.G.O.'s and Women activists in regard to the women issues via the media. It is well recognized that media can play a pivotal role in women empowerment. The discussion centers on ways images of women are portrayed by media, strategies of women's empowerment and importance of women as media decision makers. All negative portrayals of women in media and their discrimination on basis of gender discrimination in employment and advancement in the work place are viewed as some major areas of concern.
Stereotypical image of women in all types of mass media:
Despite women's pro-active movement and Code of Commercial Advertising on Doordarshan, the Code for Self Regulation and Code for Advertising Practice of the Advertising Standard Council of Pakistan and the Indecent Representative of Women (Prohibition) Act 1986, the fact remains that both Print and Electronic Media continue to portray stereotype images of women. They focus on sex appeal or physical beauty of women to sell a product. Another stereotype entails show-casing of woman as a wife or a mother or for that matter a coy, submissive, suffering woman or so to speak someone meant exclusively for the home and in certain cases as another woman's enemy.
Negligence towards women interests:
Woefully enough, women's issues appear to have little coverage in mainstream media. Gender sensitivity to news coverage is not reflected in media. Women appear to be discriminated in matters of employment in media related vocations. In Media Organizations more men than women are there in decision-making positions and decide about what to include and what to exclude in print or in electronic media. This is primarily due to absence of gender sensitive approach to decision-making. As a result media is not emerging as a potent instrument of doing justice to true role of women in society. Very little is being done to mainstream women's interests into media. The submerged, the depressed and the marginalized groups among women find little visibility in them. This is particularly true of tribal and rural women and more particularly older women.
In spite of some good work being done by NGO's like Media Watch, Amnesty International and some select UN committees, the assessment of the content and portrayal of women by media have remained a neglected area of research and a matter meriting redress by the regulatory bodies.
Internet (a globalized medium) and women:
Internet or World Wide Web is another area of concern. Having a global reach it is virtually impossibly to regulate its operations. As a result, pornography, unwanted lewd messages and cyber crimes are posing as new challenges before the policy makers and media professionals. Effacing what has been a hitherto sacrosanct viz. national boundary, the Internet is emerging as a very potent means of global communication. The most alarming fact is that from many of its sites are projected highly degrading, debasing and demeaning images of women. Most specialists agree that the widespread information and communication revolution can not be wished away. Rather its power and sweep needs be harnessed and used for awareness-enhancing, knowledge-acquisition, and knowledge management as well as capacity building among women. By letting them effectively contribute to the creation of a free and just civil society it will lay the groundwork of gender equality and justice
Women and globalized electronic media:
 Television has been called the most real form of media. It would be interesting to know how real is the representation of women in TV and how does it affect the mindset of those who watch the television, specially the negative and debasing image of women as represented through money-spinning advertisements and serials all around world. It would be quite revealing to know how sexism as the systematic oppressions of women by men is being projected by the media worldwide. Even though women constitute nearly half of the total population, their accessibility on the Television is seen to be far less, especially in central dramatic roles. This is evident from just a week’s survey figure of the television: Women are outnumbered by men in advertisement, serials, and cartoons and in soap operas. Men dominate the production and programming side of television too.
Sex stereotype is also very much evident in television portrayal of men and women in their appointed roles. Invariably masculine personality attributes are emphasized and women, in the world of television, are presented in roles of a domestic help, a wife, a mother etc.. They are portrayed as submissive and suffering type engrossed in common family affections and duties, the most common-place being child care and family nurturing. As against this, men are depicted as employed, competitive and those who are seen calling the shot in the society.
Advertisements and commercial breaks come for recurring display on the tele-screen and have a pervasive presence. On an average an adult spends about two years of his life watching television adverts. It is presumed that viewing these adverts for so long affects the viewer’s attitudes and preferences. A study of women in advertisements shows that women's appearance in personal hygiene product adverts are seven times more than those of the adverts in other categories. Seventy five percent of all adverts portray women for products used in the bathroom or kitchen; fifty six percent of adverts portray women as domestic helps or housewives. While men are presented in forty three professions concerning their roles, women in comparison are presented in eighteens of them.
Even when women are presented as power holders, the patriarchal context is unmistakably present. In fact the attributes of power and aggressiveness are portrayed as something unnatural to a woman and a challenge to the male ego. This is because man, in traditional parlance, is considered naturally much more powerful than woman. Therefore to have men in subordinate position to a female is considered an oddity and something hurtful to male psyche. This type of situation is frowned upon by conventional viewers. Therefore, the most natural portrayal of a woman is a stereotype one, that is, a woman well-ensconced in a domestic situation and playing a second fiddle to man. Several studies on media and woman support the above findings
While depicting women as a sex object, focus is on their conventional beauty―perfect figure, perfect teeth, well-set hair, shining skin etc. A woman's bodily charm is used to promote ads concerning physical fitness products, cosmetics and those that add to appearance of the body. In some adverts women portrayed as sexual objects are commoditized to suit a consumer's fancy. Some ads portray woman as a mere object of pleasure for man. The way she is dumped on the bed for purpose of sex gratification shows her as if she were devoid of any personality or feelings and as if she were a dehumanized creature.
Another popular stereotype for women is a bimbo, a beautiful girl with little intelligence. Whether stereotype image is of a beautiful woman, a self-fewer mother, a virginal and chaste woman, or a domestic help, the roles are so portrayed as to attract approval or disapproval of the audience. The objective of all this depiction is to affect the people's views of what women are really like and to what type of women men should be attracted to. Nonetheless due to social pressures and changing trends, the representation of women in television is getting better.
Some internationally popular cases with a significant role of globalized media:
There are certain cases of Pakistan through which the effect of globalized media on Pakistan is evident. These cases are being portrayed by global media ion a significant manner and are widely discussed internationally .this depicts how globalization has affected media and how a national issue tends to become international in current scenario.
Afia’s Story
Dr. Afia (now 36), along with her three children, was kidnapped in March 2003, while on her way to Rawalpindi (Islamabad) from Karachi. Her family claims that unidentifiable men visited their home soon after her arrest, warning them against speaking up about their daughter who was in their custody. Once it became clear that CIA, in collusion with the Pakistani agencies, did in fact arrest her (still denying that they kidnapped her originally), she has been accused of aiding “terrorists” by providing them with a post-box under her name in the US. Her uncle claims that this mailbox was so that she could receive her own mails.

An MIT grad with a PhD in neurology, Dr. Afia is also popularly known as Prisoner 650, the term first coined by Moazzam Beg, an ex-prisoner from Guantanamo who spent a period in Bagram before being transferred to Cuba. In his book “Enemy Combatant” Moazzam describes the screams of an unknown woman haunting him in Bagram jail. It was investigations on this and Dr. Afia’s case as put forward by her family, that led to the belief that Prisoner 650 was in fact Dr. Afia Siddiqui. Late last year, this was refuted by the CIA who shared that Prisoner 650 was someone else.

The recently released Binyam Muhammad, who also spent a period of his incarceration in Bagram, has confirmed that Prisoner 650 is in fact Dr. Afia. Evidence from him, also brings to light that throughout her five year disappearance, Dr. Afia was being held by the US authorities in Bagram.
Torture of an Innocent Woman is the Worst Case of Inhumanity:
Dr. Afia’s family and lawyers have constantly shared reports of her weakening health and mental status. It is reported by ex-inmates of Bagram that Dr. Afia raped and abused. In New York where she was moved last summer, after a worldwide uproar speaking against her torture, Dr. Afia refused to come to court in order to avoid being strip-searched by males. She has now been shifted to Texas for tests and treatments.
According to her lawyers, Dr. Afia’s psychological state is so poor she hallucinates two of her children. When kidnapped along with her in 2003, her children were aged between 3 ½ months and 7 years. It is feared and in fact even believed so by her prosecutors that one of her children is dead and the other lost. The only one, who returned safely in August 2008 as a result of efforts by Dr. Afia’s family, lawyers, Ridley, and human rights organizations, after five years, is her eldest son Ahmed. She does not hallucinate him.





OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL MEDIA ROLE

Pakistani media and Afia:
Pakistani media couldn’t defend Afia Siddiqui the way western media offended her.
Every now and then, screams from the darkest dungeons of Guantanamo Bay form news. Dr Afia was picked up from our midst – no brows raised. Teeny-weeny news items of her handing over to the US were published – nobody flinched. The Chief Justice taking notice of such disappearances was sacked, and we asked questions of how his sacking would affect us! We all saw these atrocities being perpetrated on the expense of state apparatus, and we absolved ourselves by blaming this or that for it. But deep inside, we all know we need this unabashed orgy to continue, so that our wells don’t dry up, our aids are not stopped, and our rupee does not plummet. We all know of this clandestine prostitution, are contributing to it, are happy over it
Aafia Siddiqui, in 2007, the media started giving Dr. Aafia’s case more serious attention and several reports were published about her tragic fate. Amnesty International included her on a June 2007 list as someone for whom there was “evidence of secret detention by the United States and whose fate and whereabouts remain unknown.”
The media plays a crucial role in this – and if the mainstream media chooses to ignore this story, then it is up to the independent media to give voice to this case and bring it to the mainstream media’s attention. An innocent victim of a filthy war run by US and its allies, Dr. Afia’s case demands that we do not let it fade – until she and the likes of her get justice.






GLOBALIZATION, MEDIA AND ISLAM

The media has the unique and often grueling responsibility of reporting fair and unbiased news stories. This makes the role of the media as informer and educator. Islam today, is the most misunderstood religion. It bears the brunt of misconceptions and hate propaganda

Islam is the fastest growing religion especially in the West. Nevertheless, the West has many stereotypes and misconceptions about Islam that are due to the media, prejudice, and ignorance. Islam is often looked upon as a "extremist", "terrorist", or "fundamental" religion. Many people hate Islam and do not want to acknowledge its true teachings. In many cases, the media’s reports about Islam are incorrect due to ignorance. This is one of the reasons why the West often hates Islam. In contrast to what many Westerners think of Islam, Islam is a peaceful religion, which does not promote any forms of uncalled for fighting or "terrorist" actions.
The role of electric, print and mass media in projecting Islam are given below:-
The role of electronic media: “War for Peace” has become the unjust slogan of many tyrants and oppressors on this earth. True Peace seems to elude humankind.

Entertainment and Corporate Media does not provide the peace it proclaims. It has in reality made the people more fearful, lustful, violent and greedy. Islam means “Peace” internal and external. It is essential therefore to know, practice and propagate Islam to attain peace in this life and hereafter.

Negative role:

Islam today is the most misunderstood religion. It bears the brunt of misconceptions and hate propaganda. The powerful media, aligned to deceitful political and corporate interest spread these misconceptions worldwide. Muslims hardly have any hold or influence on major media, especially TV.

Today more that 20,000 TV stations around the globe reach out to 5 billion people worldwide. As TV plays a major role in shaping public opinion.           
With more than US $ 400 billion invested in TV productions and distribution alone, it is serious business laden with cut-throat competition, political manipulations and corporate interests.
Global scale media mergers in the industry have led to limiting the viewpoints having access to media specially the Islamic viewpoint. This scenario needs to be countered with a global reach for the truth of Islam. As the Qur’an (Ch. 21, V. 18) advises us:
“When truth is hurled against falsehood, falsehood perishes, for falsehood by its nature is bound to perish”.
The secular and materialistic flood of western media is heading towards the developing and Islamic countries. The influx includes, newspapers, journals, magazines, radio, television videocassettes, cable-network, computer, Internet and satellite technology. They want to westernize the education, economy and civilization of Muslim and third world countries.
The purpose of showing such programs on T.V channels are:

a)      To spread obscenity and vulgarity.
b)      To promote English language.
c)      To promote music, fashion and materialism.
d)      To sell the goods of multinational companies.
e)      To promote the idea of secularism.
f)       To promote the western life style fast food, coke, jean and liberalism.
g)      To prove Muslims as narrow minded extremist and terrorists.

Positive role:

Eastern electronic media is playing a very important and positive role in projecting Islam. Many Islamic channels have started to spread true teachings of Islam in the whole world and to remove misconceptions from the mind of people, especially of western people. Many Islamic channels like Peace T.V, Q-T.V etc have been launched.
Peace TV is an Islamic TV channel. It provides its viewers with state-of-the-art TV programs. These would be based on authentic teachings of the Qur’an and Hadith.

Peace TV is a respected global media outlet presenting Islam and removing misconceptions about Islam. It also promote inter-faith dialogues, common teachings of scriptures of major religions and world peace as it  make both Muslims and Non-Muslims realize the effectiveness of Islam in solving problems of humankind. Telecasting TV programs in English and Urdu. It can be received in more than 125 countries. The TV programs feature internationally famous scholars and orators on religion and humanity like:

Dr. Zakir Naik             (India)
Ahmed Deedat            (South Africa)
Dr. Bilal Philips          (Canada)
Dr. Israr Ahmed          (Pakistan)
Maulana Parekh           (India)
And many others

Similarly the Islamic Research Foundation (IRF) Mumbai, India, uses modern technology for its activities, where ever feasible. Its presentation of Islam reach millions of people worldwide through international satellite T.V. channels, cable T.V. networks. IRF's activities and facilities provide the much needed understanding about the truth and excellence of Islamic teachings based on the glorious Qur'an and authentic Hadith, as well as adhering to reasons, logic and scientific facts.

THE ROLE OF PRINT MEDIA

Negative role:

The unfair treatment of western print media towards Islam and Muslims is not new to many people. The biased reporting, stereotype stories and hidden hate towards Muslims of the world are facts of western journalism. These champions of the free world who claim that their reporting standards are very high, they are honest and feel responsible to provide correct information to their audiences are in fact, have dual standards of reporting. They intentionally dramatize a situation in order to market their programs and increase their market share at any cost. They are not honest when a news item or a story involves a practicing Muslim or religion of Islam.

Every time when an incident of terrorism happens anywhere in the world the Muslims living in Western World gets terrorized by the horrors of the news media. The way the print media prints the news, it's always very clear that all these reporters not only try very hard to find a Muslim name to be associated with the incident. These journalists who portray themselves as the champions of humanity and professionalism become so unprofessional and inhuman that sometime they do not realize the outcome of their hurried and rushed reporting.

The Western public often is misinformed about Muslims through the images on, motion picture screens, magazines and comic strips in newspapers, which promote strong messages among their audiences. Western reporters often say that Muslims are terrorists. This becomes a common image to the general person that all Muslims are terrorists.

Positive role:

Muslim scholars all over the world are trying their best to remove all misconceptions from the mind of people about Islam. Many related articles are published in different newspapers by these scholars and are read by many people in this way print media plays a very important role in spreading Islam throughout the world.



THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA

Positive role:

The Internet is the new mass media, with influences far more pervasive than any mass medium in the history of human expression. The presence of Islam on the internet is truly impressive, and reflects one area where Muslims are keen to adopt a new technology in order to spread the message of their religion. There are many websites which provides an impressive alphabetical listing of the major Islamic sites, clicking on which will take you to the individual home page.

Quite a lot of the Islamic websites are created and maintained by Muslims, who seize the opportunity of their skills and promote Islam in a very effective way. Thus there are numerous Islamic 'portals', presenting a selection of web sites based on their specific perspectives of Islam. The reader can suffer 'information overload' when visiting an extensive portal such as http://www.islam.org. It helps if you know exactly what information you are seeking about Islam on the Internet.

Perhaps more surprising than any another surfing experience on the web is the massive resources available for studying Islam in all its aspects on the internet. Due to the fear and hostility towards Muslims held everywhere, and the media control by enemies of Islam everywhere, Islam has come to be associated with darkness, horror and jihad. Thus many of the sites take a mega-portal approach providing an interface through which access to the more Islamic depositories can be gained. An excellent example of this service to Islam is the site maintained by Prof. Alan Godlas of the University of Georgia.

This Islamic Studies website covers the areas of Islam, Arabic, and Religion (focusing on Western religions). It is particularly intended to be of use for students and teachers at all levels, as well for members of the general public who wish to get a non-polemical view of Islam and to a lesser extent of Judaism and Christianity.

Negative role:
       As a result of making these websites it is observed many Muslims seeking       information about Islam visits these websites and it helps to increase their knowledge about Islam. But one must be careful about what you read. There are hundreds of sites and it is amazing that some will say "TRUE ISLAM" or even have nice Islamic titles, and they turn out to have fake information pages, many written by people against Islam. Most contain inaccuracies, misconceptions and strategically present Islam in a bad light on purpose without giving the complete explanation and understanding of issues. One must learn about Islam with an open mind from the sources of Quran and Sunnah and practicing Muslims. The nature of the internet is such that anyone can publicly advance their views freely and claim to be anything, but make sure that one must read from authentic Muslim sources. The internet should only be used as a resource and anything suspect should be checked out and explored

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MEDIA
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF MEDIA
The media like television, radio and the Internet increase an overall awareness of the masses. They enhance the general knowledge by providing us with information from all over the world. News broadcasted through different media helps us know about the day-to-day events in the world. News, tele films and documentaries revolving around social issues increase a social awareness in children and develop their concern towards society.

Newspapers, apart from updating us with the latest news and new information, also contribute to the enhancement of our vocabulary. Newspapers are the best beginners in developing reading habits in children. Through the print media, they provide the general public with a platform to give updates about their parts of the city, exchange their views over different issues that the society faces and share their thoughts on a larger scale.

Media serve as the best means for a speedy spread of news about important incidents or events taking place. What has happened in the remotest corner of the world can reach us within minutes, thanks to media. The speed that technology has achieved is helpful in times of crisis when media is to be used for reporting news needing immediate attention.

Research has revealed that media is responsible for influencing a major part of our daily life. Media contribute to a transformation in the cultural and social values of the masses. Media can bring about a change in the attitudes and beliefs of the common man.
Media has brought about a major transformation in the way the masses think. Media has given them an excellent platform to present themselves before the world and contribute in their own way to the changing world scenario. Media has been responsible for making the world a smaller place to live. 
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MEDIA
Media influences the behavior of its audiences both positively and negatively. The positive effects are surely celebrated by one and all. But there is a need to prevent the media from having a negative influence on society. Let us try to explore some of the negative influences of media.
It is often seen that young girls and boys imitate their role models blindly. The negative things the celebrities do are often talked about. The controversies in the lives of the celebrities are often highlighted by the media. This leads to a blind imitation of what appears in the news. 
Media often hypes the scintillating things about the celebrities. The negatives in society are highlighted with intent to awaken the people about the society of the modern days. But this hype is actually having a negative effect on society. Masses are seeing only the negatives around them. Controversies are constantly being bombarded on them. All this is responsible for influencing the society negatively. 
Some say that it is media to be blamed for the eating disorders in the youths of society as also for the unhealthy lifestyle that has recently emerged. Be it television, magazines or the Internet, media is almost omnipresent, affecting various aspects of our life. The products advertised by the media and the ways they are advertised are bound to affect the practices of the youths.  
The negative effects of media on children are manifested in terms of their changing mental setup and the declining quality of their lifestyle. Children, who should invest their time in reading good books, studying, playing outdoors, exercising and engaging in social activities, today, spend their evenings glued to the television. The Internet that is easily accessible to even small children exposes them to things they need not know and will not understand. 
Media affects the physical well-being of individuals to a certain extent. People spending hours in front of a television or surfing the Internet have to suffer from eye problems and obesity. Long hours of media exposure add to the sedentary nature of your lifestyle. 
A majority of the audiences believe in what is depicted by the media. Many think all of it as true.  Youngsters and children are bound to mix the reel and the real world and get highly influence by the mass media.

While a certain amount of exposure to the ever-evolving media is essential for introducing ourselves to the world outside, an excessive one is detrimental to the overall well-being of society.
SHARED RESPONSIBILITY OF THE GLOBALIZED MEDIA

As every one know, electronic and print media and paper media around the world have a shared responsibility to introduce to their respective audiences news and viewpoints that dovetail with the ethos of openness and affirmation of diversity. In this age of information and globalization, old norms such as censorship and bigotry are out of sync with an increasingly well-educated and discerning public.

However, many Asian nations, including those that have acceded to the World Trade Organization (WTO), still put up formidable obstacles to foreign news media entering their markets. In the name of banning pornography and political infiltration, quite a few governments have employed thousand upon thousand of Cyber-cops to police the information superhighway.

 While such market and political barriers may in the short term help to protect local industry and indigenous culture, visionary leaders at the relevant ministries of information, media and culture should take the long-term view: that only when their fellow countrymen have uninhibited access to information and perspectives on a globalized setting can they develop into mature, tolerant, and intellectually sophisticated world citizens.

 Take China as an example. The new administration of President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao has sent encouraging signals about their commitment to transparency of governance, media openness and even the

“Media Supervision of the Government.”
 While most electronic and print media are still run by or affiliated with the authorities, there has been a welcome proliferation of angles and viewpoints. In line with China’s WTO obligations, party and government officials are slowly but surely opening the door to joint venture and even wholly foreign-owned media and cultural corporations particularly in the areas of marketing and distribution.

 While Beijing needs to consider more thorough-going reforms such as scaling back censorship and allowing joint-venture news operations, the limited but positive developments in the globalization of the Chinese media have already helped produce a new generation of professionals and entrepreneurs with an international, forward-looking outlook. In other large Asian countries such as India, the influx of foreign capital and know how in the field of news media and information dissemination has also produced more good than harm, both for economic development and the nurturing of a new generation of world citizens.

It is hoped that with more East-West cross-fertilizations – particularly Asian TV networks, websites and newspapers finding niches and audiences in the Western world – the goal of a globalize media fostering common values of symbiotic growth and mutual tolerance may be realized close to the first quarter mark of the new century.

                                                  

                                          CONCLUSION
As in the whole seminar we discussed that how media plays its role in different fields of life globally like in politics, terrorism, Islam, culture, globally and as result we conclude that we can not deny that media is our freedom of expression if there is no media we can not able to familiar with globalized world’s situation and we can give our opinion on any current topic.
So we can say that, it generates a large positive and negative effects but we are confused that whether it is because of media or globalization and in which prospect it is good for us and which should we accept as a part of our life but it is important for us to familiar that how much media is important for us and much our life is depended on media and how should we engage with it.
 On the other hand we also can not deny that a media made the nations strong to project their point of view at national level and made their economy strong.
It also creates the ability in the common man to think different from the other part of the world and made there mark on the world and able to discriminate between wrong and right on different issues. But it is also an individual responsibility to make the positive or good image of media towards the life of common man.











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